MMarketMath

WDC

Slow growerQuality: High (74/100)1 red flag

Western Digital · Information Technology · Technology Hardware, Storage & Peripherals

$435.38

52w 76.70 – 799.87

20y monthly, adjusted

Mkt cap

$157.0B

P/E

16.9

P/FCF

45.4

FCF yield

2.2%

ROE

106.3%

Shldr yield

1.7%

div 0.1% + bb 1.6%

What today's price assumes

At $157.0B, the market is pricing in 18.9% annual free-cash-flow growth for the next decade (10% discount rate, 2.5% terminal growth). Over the last ten years, FCF actually grew 2.3% per year — the price asks for acceleration beyond the historical record.

Simple DCF per-share range: $131 · $131 · $163 (4% / base / optimistic growth). An estimate, not a target.

Adjust the assumptions yourself →

Historical multiple lens

At its own median P/OCF of 7.7× across 8 years, WDC would trade near $84/share (25th–75th percentile: $64–$141); it trades at 40.0× today.

Assumes the historical multiple regime persists — re-ratings can be permanent.

Growth record

Compound annual growth rates from as-filed 10-K data, split-adjusted

Rev 3y

+27.4%

Rev 5y

−5.3%

Rev 10y

−4.2%

EPS 5y

+55.6%

EPS 10y

+38.0%

FCF 5y

+36.1%

FCF 10y

+2.3%

Fundamentals

Fiscal 2017–2026, from SEC filings

Revenue

2017: $19.1B
2018: $20.6B
2019: $16.6B
2020: $16.7B
2021: $16.9B
2022: $18.8B
2023: $6.3B
2024: $6.3B
2025: $9.5B
2026: $12.9B
$0$10.0B$20.0B
17
19
21
23
25

Net income

2017: $397.0M
2018: $675.0M
2019: −$754.0M
2020: −$250.0M
2021: $821.0M
2022: $1.5B
2023: −$1.7B
2024: −$798.0M
2025: $1.9B
2026: $9.4B
$0$5.0B
17
19
21
23
25

Free cash flow

2017: $2.9B
2018: $3.4B
2019: $671.0M
2020: $177.0M
2021: $752.0M
2022: $758.0M
2023: −$1.2B
2024: −$781.0M
2025: $1.3B
2026: $3.5B
$0$2.0B
17
19
21
23
25

Diluted shares (lower is better)

2017: 296.0M
2018: 307.0M
2019: 292.0M
2020: 298.0M
2021: 309.0M
2022: 316.0M
2023: 318.0M
2024: 326.0M
2025: 359.0M
2026: 383.0M
0100.0M200.0M300.0M
17
19
21
23
25

Margins

0%50%1719212325
Net marginFCF marginGross margin

Capital returned (dividends + buybacks)

2017: $574.0M
2018: $1.2B
2019: $710.0M
2020: $595.0M
2021: $0
2022: $0
2023: $0
2024: $0
2025: $193.0M
2026: $2.8B
$0$1.0B$2.0B
17
19
21
23
25

Cash vs long-term debt

$0$5.0B$10.0B1719212325
CashLT debt

Quarterly

Discrete quarters from 10-Q filings; Q4 derived as fiscal year minus Q1–Q3. OCF is unwound from the year-to-date figures 10-Qs report. Compare to the same quarter a year ago — most businesses are seasonal.

Revenue by quarter

Q4'23: −$3.4B
Q1'24: $1.2B
Q2'24: $1.4B
Q3'24: $1.8B
Q4'24: $2.0B
Q1'25: $2.2B
Q2'25: $2.4B
Q3'25: $2.3B
Q4'25: $2.6B
Q1'26: $2.8B
Q2'26: $3.0B
Q3'26: $3.3B
Q4'26: $3.7B
−$2.0B$0$2.0B
23
24
25
26
26

Net income by quarter

Q4'23: −$709.0M
Q1'24: −$685.0M
Q2'24: −$287.0M
Q3'24: $135.0M
Q4'24: $39.0M
Q1'25: $493.0M
Q2'25: $594.0M
Q3'25: $520.0M
Q4'25: $282.0M
Q1'26: $1.2B
Q2'26: $1.8B
Q3'26: $3.2B
Q4'26: $3.2B
$0$1.0B$2.0B$3.0B
23
24
25
26
26
QuarterRevenueYoYNet incomeYoYEPSOCF
Q4'26 *$3.7B+43.8%$3.2B+1033.0%8.28$1.4B
Q3'26$3.3B+45.5%$3.2B+516.3%8.20$1.1B
Q2'26$3.0B+25.2%$1.8B+210.1%4.73$745.0M
Q1'26$2.8B+27.4%$1.2B+139.8%3.07$672.0M
Q4'25$2.6B+30.0%$282.0M+623.1%0.75$746.0M
Q3'25$2.3B+30.9%$520.0M+285.2%1.42$508.0M
Q2'25$2.4B+76.2%$594.0M1.63$403.0M
Q1'25$2.2B+85.3%$493.0M1.35$34.0M
Q4'24$2.0B$39.0M0.08$366.0M
Q3'24$1.8B−37.5%$135.0M0.35$58.0M
Q2'24$1.4B−56.0%−$287.0M-0.92−$92.0M
Q1'24$1.2B−68.0%−$685.0M−1557.4%-2.17−$626.0M
Q4'23 *−$3.4B−174.9%−$709.0M−304.3%-2.21−$68.0M

Track record

Compound annual growth by period. For debt and share count, negative is the good direction.

Series3y5y10y15y
Revenue+27.4%−5.3%
Operating cash flow+20.2%+15.7%
Free cash flow+46.7%+36.1%
EPS (diluted)+49.3%+55.6%
Equity−6.8%−3.9%
LT debt−29.3%−23.2%
Diluted shares+6.4%+4.4%
Stock price+134.3%+55.7%+30.3%+23.7%

$100, 3 years ago

$1,286vs $176 in SPY

134.3% vs 20.7%/yr

$100, 5 years ago

$916vs $181 in SPY

55.7% vs 12.6%/yr

$100, 10 years ago

$1,406vs $412 in SPY

30.3% vs 15.2%/yr

$100, 15 years ago

$2,444vs $813 in SPY

23.7% vs 15.0%/yr

The $1 test — market value created per $1 of earnings retained (Buffett's hurdle: at least $1)

Last 5 years

$19.05

$193.6B created / $10.2B retained

Quality & capital discipline

Cash-based returns and how management deploys capital

Cash ROIC

44.3%

OCF ÷ (equity + debt)

OCF / EV yield

2.5%

MC vs 10× OCF

4.05

≤1 = priced under 10× OCF

Debt / FCF

0.0y

SBC / FCF

5.8%

Owner earnings

$3.3B

OCF − capex − SBC

OE yield

2.1%

Share count 5y

+2.9%

per year; negative = buybacks

Capital intensity

19.2%

net PP&E ÷ revenue

Sales efficiency

new PP&E per $1 new revenue, 5y

Checklist

18 of 27 checks pass · 67%. Checks with structurally missing inputs are excluded.

Growth & Consistency

5/7

  • Revenue growth

    -5.3% · 5y CAGR ≥ 5%

    fail
  • EPS growth

    55.6% · 5y CAGR ≥ 5%

    pass
  • FCF growth

    36.1% · 5y CAGR ≥ 5%

    pass
  • Revenue rises consistently

    7 of 9 · up in ≥ 7 of last 10 years

    pass
  • FCF consistently positive

    8 of 10 · positive in ≥ 8 of last 10 years

    pass
  • Profitable every year

    6 of 10 · net income > 0 in ≥ 8 of last 10

    fail
  • Cash flow keeps up with sales

    15.7% vs -5.3% · OCF CAGR ≥ 0.9× revenue CAGR

    pass

Profitability

6/7

  • Net margin

    72.9% · ≥ 8%

    pass
  • Operating margin

    34.5% · ≥ 10%

    pass
  • Gross margin stable or rising

    48.9% vs 22.2% · no drop > 2 pts over 3y

    pass
  • Return on equity

    106.3% · ≥ 12%

    pass
  • Cash ROIC

    44.3% · ≥ 12%

    pass
  • FCF margin

    27.2% · ≥ 5%

    pass
  • Earnings back their cash

    OCF $3.9B vs NI $9.4B · OCF ≥ net income (latest FY)

    fail

Balance Sheet

4/5

  • Debt payable from cash flow

    0.0y · LT debt ≤ 3× FCF

    pass
  • Cash cushion

    · cash ≥ 50% of LT debt

    pass
  • Leverage

    0.00 · LT debt ≤ 1.5× equity

    pass
  • Equity positive and compounding

    $8.9B · equity > 0 and grew over ~5y

    fail
  • Interest burden

    4% · interest ≤ 15% of operating income

    pass

Capital Allocation

2/4

  • Share count flat or shrinking

    2.9% · ≤ +0.5%/yr over ~5y

    fail
  • Stock comp restrained

    6% · SBC ≤ 15% of FCF

    pass
  • Distributions funded by FCF

    79% · dividends + buybacks ≤ 100% of FCF

    pass
  • Repurchases are a habit

    4 of 10 · buybacks in ≥ 5 of last 10 years

    fail

Valuation Discipline

1/4

  • FCF yield

    2.2% · ≥ 3%

    fail
  • Earnings multiple

    16.9 · P/E ≤ 25

    pass
  • Price asks less than history delivered

    18.9% vs 2.3% · implied FCF growth ≤ historical FCF CAGR

    fail
  • Shareholder yield

    1.7% · dividends + buybacks ≥ 2% of market cap

    fail

Red flags

Mechanical checks — a flag is a question to investigate, not a verdict

Shareholder dilution

Diluted share count has grown by more than 2% per year over ~5 years.

Financial data

As filed in 10-Ks; per-share figures split-adjusted. $ in millions.

FYRevenueGross profitOp incomeNet incomeEPSOCFCapExFCFDividendsBuybacksSBCCashLT debtEquityShares
202612,9196,3114,4539,42424.283,9294183,5111742,5922041,57908,864383
20259,5203,6922,3341,8895.121,6914121,279441492652,1142,4855,311359
20246,3171,773-403-798-2.61-294487-781002951,5515,68410,818326
20236,2551,391-548-1,684-5.37-408821-1,229003182,0235,85710,964318
202218,7935,8742,3911,5464.891,8801,12275803262,3277,02212,323316
202116,9224,5211,2208212.661,8981,146752003183,3708,47410,800309
202016,7363,781335-250-0.8482464717759503083,0489,2899,551298
201916,5693,75287-754-2.581,5478766711475633063,45510,2469,967292
201820,6477,7053,6176752.204,2058353,3705935913775,00510,99311,531307
201719,0936,0721,9543971.343,4375782,85957403946,35412,91811,418296

Some concepts are structurally absent for certain industries (banks report no gross profit or capex). Missing ≠ zero.