MMarketMath

MRNA

Fast growerQuality: Low (31/100)4 red flags

Moderna · Health Care · Biotechnology

$138.89

52w 22.28 – 176.66

20y monthly, adjusted

Mkt cap

$55.4B

P/E

P/FCF

FCF yield

-8.2%

ROE

-32.6%

Shldr yield

0.0%

div 0.0% + bb 0.0%

Growth record

Compound annual growth rates from as-filed 10-K data, split-adjusted

Rev 3y

−53.4%

Rev 5y

+19.3%

Rev 10y

+37.8%

EPS 5y

EPS 10y

FCF 5y

FCF 10y

Fundamentals

Fiscal 2016–2025, from SEC filings

Revenue

2016: $108.4M
2017: $205.8M
2018: $135.1M
2019: $60.2M
2020: $803.0M
2021: $18.5B
2022: $19.3B
2023: $6.8B
2024: $3.2B
2025: $1.9B
$0$5.0B$10.0B$15.0B
16
18
20
22
24

Net income

2016: −$216.2M
2017: −$255.9M
2018: −$384.7M
2019: −$514.0M
2020: −$747.0M
2021: $12.2B
2022: $8.4B
2023: −$4.7B
2024: −$3.6B
2025: −$2.8B
$0$5.0B$10.0B
16
18
20
22
24

Free cash flow

2016: $33.6M
2017: −$389.9M
2018: −$436.6M
2019: −$491.0M
2020: $2.0B
2021: $13.3B
2022: $4.6B
2023: −$3.8B
2024: −$4.1B
2025: −$2.1B
$0$5.0B$10.0B
16
18
20
22
24

Diluted shares (lower is better)

2019: 331.0M
2020: 381.0M
2021: 431.0M
2022: 416.0M
2023: 382.0M
2024: 384.0M
2025: 389.0M
0200.0M400.0M
16
18
20
22
24

Margins

-500%0%1618202224
Net marginFCF marginGross margin

Capital returned (dividends + buybacks)

2019: $0
2020: $0
2021: $857.0M
2022: $3.3B
2023: $1.2B
2024: $0
2025: $2.0M
$0$1.0B$2.0B$3.0B
16
18
20
22
24

Cash vs long-term debt

$0$2.0B$4.0B$6.0B1618202224
CashLT debt

Quarterly

Discrete quarters from 10-Q filings; Q4 derived as fiscal year minus Q1–Q3. OCF is unwound from the year-to-date figures 10-Qs report. Compare to the same quarter a year ago — most businesses are seasonal.

Revenue by quarter

Q2'23: $344.0M
Q3'23: $1.8B
Q4'23: $2.8B
Q1'24: $167.0M
Q2'24: $241.0M
Q3'24: $1.9B
Q4'24: $966.0M
Q1'25: $108.0M
Q2'25: $142.0M
Q3'25: $1.0B
Q4'25: $678.0M
Q1'26: $389.0M
Q2'26: $145.0M
$0$1.0B$2.0B
23
24
24
25
26

Net income by quarter

Q2'23: −$1.4B
Q3'23: −$3.6B
Q4'23: $217.0M
Q1'24: −$1.2B
Q2'24: −$1.3B
Q3'24: $13.0M
Q4'24: −$1.1B
Q1'25: −$971.0M
Q2'25: −$825.0M
Q3'25: −$200.0M
Q4'25: −$826.0M
Q1'26: −$1.3B
Q2'26: −$782.0M
−$3.0B−$2.0B−$1.0B$0
23
24
24
25
26
QuarterRevenueYoYNet incomeYoYEPSOCF
Q2'26$145.0M+2.1%−$782.0M-1.97−$526.0M
Q1'26$389.0M+260.2%−$1.3B-3.40−$630.0M
Q4'25 *$678.0M−29.8%−$826.0M-2.10$930.0M
Q3'25$1.0B−45.4%−$200.0M−1638.5%-0.51−$847.0M
Q2'25$142.0M−41.1%−$825.0M-2.13−$919.0M
Q1'25$108.0M−35.3%−$971.0M-2.52−$1.0B
Q4'24 *$966.0M−65.6%−$1.1B−616.1%-2.91$825.0M
Q3'24$1.9B+1.7%$13.0M0.03−$1.6B
Q2'24$241.0M−29.9%−$1.3B-3.33−$1.3B
Q1'24$167.0M−91.0%−$1.2B−1587.3%-3.07−$989.0M
Q4'23 *$2.8B−44.7%$217.0M−85.2%0.63$622.0M
Q3'23$1.8B−45.6%−$3.6B−448.0%-9.53−$1.6B
Q2'23$344.0M−92.8%−$1.4B−162.8%-3.62−$915.0M

Track record

Compound annual growth by period. For debt and share count, negative is the good direction.

Series3y5y10y15y
Revenue−53.4%+19.3%
Operating cash flow+105.2%+105.2%
Free cash flow+126.9%+126.9%
EPS (diluted)
Equity−23.2%+27.6%
LT debt
Diluted shares−2.2%+0.4%
Stock price+7.1%−18.1%

$100, 3 years ago

$123vs $176 in SPY

7.1% vs 20.7%/yr

$100, 5 years ago

$37vs $181 in SPY

-18.1% vs 12.6%/yr

The $1 test — market value created per $1 of earnings retained (Buffett's hurdle: at least $1)

Last 5 years

$-5.16

−$48.8B created / $9.5B retained

Quality & capital discipline

Cash-based returns and how management deploys capital

Cash ROIC

-20.3%

OCF ÷ (equity + debt)

OCF / EV yield

MC vs 10× OCF

≤1 = priced under 10× OCF

Debt / FCF

SBC / FCF

Owner earnings

−$2.5B

OCF − capex − SBC

OE yield

-10.1%

Share count 5y

+2.7%

per year; negative = buybacks

Capital intensity

net PP&E ÷ revenue

Sales efficiency

new PP&E per $1 new revenue, 5y

Growth engine (5y): reinvested 63.2% of operating cash flow at an incremental return of -58.1% — an organically fundable growth rate of about -36.8% per year (growth ≈ reinvestment rate × incremental ROIC).

Checklist

6 of 18 checks pass · 33%. Checks with structurally missing inputs are excluded.

Growth & Consistency

2/5

  • Revenue growth

    19.3% · 5y CAGR ≥ 5%

    pass
  • EPS growth

    · 5y CAGR ≥ 5%

    na
  • FCF growth

    · 5y CAGR ≥ 5%

    na
  • Revenue rises consistently

    4 of 9 · up in ≥ 7 of last 10 years

    fail
  • FCF consistently positive

    4 of 10 · positive in ≥ 8 of last 10 years

    fail
  • Profitable every year

    2 of 10 · net income > 0 in ≥ 8 of last 10

    fail
  • Cash flow keeps up with sales

    105.2% vs 19.3% · OCF CAGR ≥ 0.9× revenue CAGR

    pass

Profitability

1/6

  • Net margin

    -145.2% · ≥ 8%

    fail
  • Operating margin

    -158.1% · ≥ 10%

    fail
  • Gross margin stable or rising

    · no drop > 2 pts over 3y

    na
  • Return on equity

    -32.6% · ≥ 12%

    fail
  • Cash ROIC

    -20.3% · ≥ 12%

    fail
  • FCF margin

    -106.2% · ≥ 5%

    fail
  • Earnings back their cash

    OCF −$1.9B vs NI −$2.8B · OCF ≥ net income (latest FY)

    pass

Balance Sheet

3/3

  • Debt payable from cash flow

    · LT debt ≤ 3× FCF

    na
  • Cash cushion

    440% · cash ≥ 50% of LT debt

    pass
  • Leverage

    0.07 · LT debt ≤ 1.5× equity

    pass
  • Equity positive and compounding

    $8.7B · equity > 0 and grew over ~5y

    pass
  • Interest burden

    · interest ≤ 15% of operating income

    na

Capital Allocation

0/2

  • Share count flat or shrinking

    2.7% · ≤ +0.5%/yr over ~5y

    fail
  • Stock comp restrained

    · SBC ≤ 15% of FCF

    na
  • Distributions funded by FCF

    · dividends + buybacks ≤ 100% of FCF

    na
  • Repurchases are a habit

    4 of 10 · buybacks in ≥ 5 of last 10 years

    fail

Valuation Discipline

0/2

  • FCF yield

    -8.2% · ≥ 3%

    fail
  • Earnings multiple

    · P/E ≤ 25

    na
  • Price asks less than history delivered

    · implied FCF growth ≤ historical FCF CAGR

    na
  • Shareholder yield

    0.0% · dividends + buybacks ≥ 2% of market cap

    fail

Red flags

Mechanical checks — a flag is a question to investigate, not a verdict

Revenue declining

Latest fiscal-year revenue fell more than 3% versus the prior year.

Negative free cash flow

Operating cash flow did not cover capital expenditures in the latest fiscal year.

Net loss

The company reported a net loss in the latest fiscal year.

Shareholder dilution

Diluted share count has grown by more than 2% per year over ~5 years.

Financial data

As filed in 10-Ks; per-share figures split-adjusted. $ in millions.

FYRevenueGross profitOp incomeNet incomeEPSOCFCapExFCFDividendsBuybacksSBCCashLT debtEquityShares
20251,944-3,074-2,822-7.26-1,873192-2,06524832,5955908,650389
20243,236-3,945-3,561-9.28-3,0041,051-4,05504291,927010,901384
20236,848-4,239-4,714-12.33-3,118707-3,8251,1533052,90713,854382
202219,2639,4208,36220.124,9814004,5813,3292263,20519,123416
202118,47113,29612,20228.2913,62028413,3368571426,84814,145431
2020803-763-747-1.962,027681,9590932,6242,561381
201960-546-514-1.55-45932-4910812361,175331
2018135-413-385-4.95-331106-437736581,530
2017206-269-256-4.18-33158-39040135-551
2016108-224-216-3.796733343950-335

Some concepts are structurally absent for certain industries (banks report no gross profit or capex). Missing ≠ zero.